Ceres
The largest object in the Main Asteroid Belt between Mars and Jupiter, previously considered the largest asteroid in that region.
It has a size of 975×909 km and has a mass of 9.5×10^20. It has no natural satellites and rotates around the Sun every 4.6 years.
It was discovered by Giuseppe Piazi in 1801 and given its size, it is possible to observe it occasionally with binoculars or amateur telescopes.
Pluto
Located beyond Neptune, immersed in a region known as the Kuiper Belt (a disk of small icy bodies that extends from 30 to 50 AU from the Sun), Pluto held the name of planet until 2006, until it was reclassified as a dwarf planet. It has a diameter of 2,300 km and a mass of ~1.305×1022.
It has as natural satellites Charon, Nix, Hydra, Cerberus and Styx. Charon, its largest satellite, is particularly notable, as it is half the size of Pluto and its gravitational influence causes its centre of mass to be outside the dwarf planet. In this way, both bodies display tidal coupling with captured rotation, always showing the same "face" to each other, rotating around a common centre of mass.
Pluto was discovered in 1930 by American astronomer Clyde Tombaugh.
Haumea
Kuiper belt object discovered in 2004 by astronomers Jose Luis Ortiz and Michael Brown, it is located 43.1 au from the Sun (6,450,000,000 km).
It has a size of approximately 1,400-1,600 km and an estimated mass of 4.2 ± 0.1 × 1021.
Haumea's shape is somewhat oval, similar to a rugby ball, and it has 2 natural satellites, Hijaka and Namaka.
Both the name of the dwarf planet and its satellites are inspired by Hawaiian mythology.
makemake
Kuiper belt object further away than Haumea (45 AU), named dwarf planet in September 2008, although it had been discovered in 2005 (by Michael Brown, Chad Trujillo and David Rabinowitz) initially only known with a minor body name: 2005 FY9. Its orbital period is 306 Earth years.
Makemake is the brightest trans-Neptunian object after Pluto. It has a size between 1,300~1,900 km and a mass of approximately 4×1021. Its name alludes to the creator god of Easter mythology.
Eris
It is the most distant dwarf planet, in an area called scattered disk, which is associated with the Kuiper Belt but extends much further, perhaps hundreds of au (these objects are thought to have arisen in the Kuiper Belt, but were dispersed by the gravitational action of the outer planets).
Eris has a diameter of 2,400 km and an estimated mass of ~1.5×10^22, and has a natural satellite, Dysnomia. It was discovered by astronomer Michael Brown, Chad Trujillo and David Rabinowitz in 2005 and was the object that sparked the final controversy over the definition of a dwarf planet.
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