Astronomy at night

10) The combination and prolongation of these observations will lead to precisely establishing the time scales that govern the planet.

When all the observations made by the naked eye, whether by day or by night, and over several months or years, are added up, the main conclusion to be drawn is that many phenomena are impossible to determine by observing them at a single instant. Just as a full day can be demarcated by sunrise following sunrise, the measurement of longer time scales can only be determined by systematic observation of the sky, and this is how one can come to identify time scales such as the "month" or the "year" on purely astronomical grounds. If the role of planetary observations is added to this, these time scales can somehow be extrapolated to the other planets, whose movements follow such a precise and orderly pattern that they indirectly provide the clues necessary to form a complete model of the Solar System.

Preliminary conclusion: Astronomical-based time measurement. Just as the Egyptians, Babylonians and Mayans once did, sustained astronomical observation allows us to define, without the need for complex instruments, the measurement of time. This is how calendars emerged, and how the first models of the Solar System emerged, as a result of observations over years and years. It was these same observations, complemented by their mathematical expression, that laid the foundations for positioning the Earth in the known Universe, although not confirmed as "Heliocentric" until Galileo's observations, the surprising observational astronomical evidence was enough for Copernicus to decree it so in 1543.